Stuart Berg, Isabella R Beckett, Marta Costa, Philipp Schlegel, Michał Januszewski, Elizabeth C Marin, Aljoscha Nern, Stephan Preibisch, Wei Qiu, Shin-Ya Takemura, Alexandra M C Fragniere, Andrew S Champion, Diane-Yayra Adjavon, Michael Cook, Marina Gkantia, Kenneth J Hayworth, Gary B Huang, William T Katz, Florian Kämpf, Zhiyuan Lu, Christopher Ordish, Tyler Paterson, Tomke Stürner, Eric T Trautman, Catherine R Whittle, Laura E Burnett, Judith Hoeller, Feng Li, Frank Loesche, Billy J Morris, Tobias Pietzsch, Markus W Pleijzier, Valeria Silva, Yijie Yin, Iris Ali, Griffin Badalamente, Alexander Shakeel Bates, Rory J Beresford, John Bogovic, Paul Brooks, Sebastian Cachero, Brandon S Canino, Bhumpanya Chaisrisawatsuk, Jody Clements, Arthur Crowe, Inês de Haan Vicente, Georgia Dempsey, Erika Donà, Márcia Dos Santos, Marisa Dreher, Christopher R Dunne, Katharina Eichler, Samantha Finley-May, Miriam A Flynn, Imran Hameed, Gary Patrick Hopkins, Philip M Hubbard, Ladann Kiassat, Julie Kovalyak, Shirley A Lauchie, Meghan Leonard, Alanna Lohff, Kit D Longden, Charli A Maldonado, Ilina Moitra, Sung Soo Moon, Caroline Mooney, Eva J Munnelly, Nneoma Okeoma, Donald J Olbris, Anika Pai, Birava Patel, Emily M Phillips, Stephen M Plaza, Alana Richards, Jennifer Rivas Salinas, Ruairí J V Roberts, Edward M Rogers, Ashley L Scott, Louis A Scuderi, Pavithraa Seenivasan, Laia Serratosa Capdevila, Claire Smith, Rob Svirskas, Satoko Takemura, Ibrahim Tastekin, Alexander Thomson, Lowell Umayam, John J Walsh, Holly Whittome, C Shan Xu, Emily A Yakal, Tansy Yang, Arthur Zhao, Reed George, Viren Jain, Vivek Jayaraman, Wyatt Korff, Geoffrey W Meissner, Sandro Romani, Jan Funke, Christopher Knecht, Stephan Saalfeld, Louis K Scheffer, Scott Waddell, Gwyneth M Card, Carlos Ribeiro, Michael B Reiser, Harald F Hess, Gerald M Rubin, Gregory S X E Jefferis
Sex differences in behavior exist across all animals, typically under strong genetic regulation. In Drosophila, fruitless/doublesex transcription factors identify dimorphic neurons, but their organization into functional circuits remains unclear. We present the connectome of the entire Drosophila male central nervous system. This contains 166,700 neurons spanning the brain and nerve cord, fully proofread and annotated, including fruitless/doublesex expression and 11,710 neuron types. We provide the first comprehensive comparison between male and female brain connectomes to synaptic resolution, finding 8,069 isomorphic, 138 dimorphic, 289 male-specific, and 71 female-specific types. This resource enables analysis of full sensory-to-motor circuits underlying complex behaviors and the impact of dimorphic elements. Sex-specific/dimorphic neurons are concentrated in higher brain centers, while the sensory and motor periphery is largely isomorphic. Within higher centers, male-specific connections are organized into hotspots defined by male-specific neurons or arbors. Dimorphic neurons reroute information across sexes.