Bimetallic MOFs, their composites, and derivatives: synthesis strategies and structure–property relationships for supercapacitor applications

Bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (BMOFs) have rapidly evolved into a powerful materials platform for next-generation supercapacitor (SC) electrodes by enabling atomic-level control, enhanced redox chemistry, tunable electronic structures, and pore architectures beyond the limits of monometallic frameworks. By co-incorporating two distinct metal centers within one crystalline lattice, BMOFs create synergistic metal–metal interactions that modulate d-band electronic states, generate flexible redox couples and promotes defect-rich coordination environments, collectively enhancing charge storage kinetics and active-site utilization. This review critically examines recent progress in BMOF design for SCs, emphasizing synthetic strategies that govern metal distribution, framework topology, hierarchical morphology, and compositional homogeneity. We discuss how dual-metal coordination and hierarchical porosity accelerate ion diffusion and charge transfer, while mitigating structural degradation during prolonged cycling. Particular attention is given to BMOF-based hybrid electrodes and BMOF-derived oxides, hydroxides, chalcogenides, and phosphides, where in situ framework conversion yields conductive, mechanically robust architectures with high pseudocapacitive activity. We further highlight how integration with advanced functional materials creates redox-active heterointerfaces that accelerate charge transfer, enhance active site utilization, and improve overall SC device performance. Finally, we highlight key bottlenecks including conductivity, scalability, and interfacial stability that must be addressed to translate BMOF-based materials into durable, high-energy SC devices.