Evaluation of I-optimal and Box–Behnken designs for green extraction of pectins using NADES from carrot pomace

= 0.81 for uronic acid content) and greater validity across a broader parameter range. Under optimal conditions, the IOD extraction yielded 20.1 % crude pectin with 73.5 % uronic acid, while BBD produced 20.4 % with 71.0 % uronic acid. Ion-exchange purification resulted in 72.7 % pectin fraction from the IOD extract (80.7 % galacturonic acid) and 93.3 % from the BBD extract (80.9 % galacturonic acid). Both fractions showed similar structural characteristics. The BBD-derived pectin was predominantly low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan with minor rhamnogalacturonan I regions, while IOD-derived pectin showed slightly higher acidity and structural heterogeneity, suggesting stronger polymer-solvent interactions. These findings demonstrate the efficiency and selectivity of NADES-based extraction and support IOD as a robust strategy for modeling green biopolymer recovery processes from agricultural residues.