Open-source, low-cost miniaturized ultrasound transducer for neuromodulation in rodents

Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging, non-invasive neuromodulation method distinguished by its ability to deliver energy to deep brain areas with high spatial resolution[1]. Therefore, interest in TUS is rapidly growing with many studies investigating potential applications. However, inconsistent results and poorly understood mechanisms of action highlight the need for continued animal research to advance our understanding of TUS and to improve its effectiveness[2].