Non-pharmacological interventions for mild cognitive impairment: a review of social, cognitive, and physical stimulation strategies

• Non-pharmacological interventions can slow cognitive decline in MCI. • Social, cognitive, and physical stimulation enhance neuroplasticity. • Multimodal approaches yield synergistic benefits beyond single-domain strategies. • Increased cerebral blood flow and reduced inflammation are key mediators. • Hedonic and motivational components improve adherence and efficacy. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) represents a critical stage between normal aging and dementia, characterized by measurable cognitive decline without significant interference in daily activities. Increasing evidence supports the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions—including social engagement, cognitive training, and physical exercise—in mitigating cognitive decline and improving quality of life in individuals with MCI. This review synthesizes recent randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and longitudinal studies focusing on these interventions, highlighting their neurobiological underpinnings, practical applications, and outcomes. We discuss the synergistic potential of multimodal approaches and identify gaps for future research. This comprehensive overview aims to inform clinicians and researchers on evidence-based strategies to enhance brain health in the aging population.