Extrusion-printed silicone microarchitectures for geometry-controlled flow in lateral flow diagnostics and paper microfluidics.

Paper-based diagnostics such as lateral flow assays (LFAs) and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have attracted considerable attention because of their low cost, portability, and ease of use. Currently, to enable fabrication of μPADs and improve LFA performance, hydrophobic blocks are patterned on paper substrates. However, fabrication of high-resolution hydrophobic barriers remains a major challenge. In this work, we developed a novel silicone extrudable ink for the fabrication of hydrophobic features on paper substrates. The ink was formulated using a vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (vPDMS) and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) system crosslinked through platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation, and its rheological properties were tailored by incorporating silica fillers, obtaining a shear-thinning gel suitable for extrusion. The resulting formulation provided tunable properties, controlled deposition, and stable feature formation, enabling simple, low-cost, rapid, and robust fabrication of high-resolution hydrophobic barriers. Using this approach, we demonstrated improved fluid confinement and pattern fidelity on paper substrates, fabricated high-resolution paper microfluidic devices down to 150 μm channel width, and enhanced the sensitivity of an LFA for a malaria diagnostic test. These results highlight the potential of this silicone ink platform as a practical and scalable strategy for advancing high-performance paper-based diagnostic technologies.