Agricultural and forestry biochar for the removal of micro(nano)plastics from water.

Agroforestry residues are abundant lignocellulosic bioresources whose thermochemical conversion into biochar provides a sustainable pathway for waste valorization, carbon retention, and micro(nano)plastic remediation in aquatic environments. This review summarizes recent progress in agroforestry biomass-derived biochar for micro(nano)plastic removal by linking feedstock composition, pyrolysis conditions, functional engineering, structure-property relationships, and removal mechanisms. Key biochar properties, including aromaticity, surface functionality, porosity, hydrophobicity, and surface charge, are discussed in relation to physical retention, hydrophobic interaction, van der Waals forces, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and surface complexation. The review further evaluates practical constraints, including realistic water-matrix interference, regeneration durability, secondary pollution, metal leaching, life-cycle performance, and techno-economic feasibility. Overall, this review provides a bioresource-oriented framework for designing sustainable agroforestry biochar systems for micro(nano)plastic remediation.