Fraction-resolved pyrolysis behavior, conversion-dependent kinetics, and predictive severity framework for engineered biochars from fig-processing residues

Industrial fig processing generates seed-rich and skin-rich residues that remain underutilized as biochar precursors. This study treated fractionation as a process-design variable by comparing separately recovered fig seed and fig skin under matched pyrolysis conditions and multi-rate thermogravimetric analysis. Across a severity matrix of 350–500 °C with varied heating rates and holding times, biochar yield decreased from 30.3 to 24.52% for fig seed and from 32.0 to 27.73% for fig skin, with fig skin consistently retaining more solid under identical programmes. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed different carbonization pathways: seed-derived chars showed stronger attenuation of O-H and aliphatic C-H bands together with a more pronounced condensed/aromatic region, whereas skin-derived chars retained clearer oxygen-containing features. TG-DTG analysis at 5–40 °C min −1 showed contrasting devolatilization behavior, with fig seed dominated by a broad mid-temperature event and fig skin characterized by an early dominant peak followed by a secondary higher-temperature contribution. Gaussian DTG-stage partitioning converted these differences into quantitative descriptors, with fig skin retaining a persistent Stage I contribution (<260 °C; 27.21–35.54%) and fig seed developing a substantial Stage III fraction (≥400 °C; up to 52.17%). Isoconversional analysis showed higher and more conversion-sensitive apparent activation energies for fig seed (∼107–327 kJ mol −1 ) than for fig skin (∼74–151 kJ mol −1 ). DAEM analysis supported this contrast, while screening gate-to-gate LCA showed that midpoint burdens were governed mainly by programme-level electricity demand, with Program 3 giving the lowest burdens for both fractions. These results support a fraction-specific severity framework for targeted biochar production. • Fractionation was treated as a process-design variable for fig residues. • Fig skin consistently gave higher biochar yield under matched programmes. • Fig seed showed higher and more conversion-sensitive apparent barriers. • Seed chars showed stronger condensation; skin chars retained more O-groups. • Program 3 showed the lowest gate-to-gate burdens in screening LCA.