Amphibians under artificial light at night: Current knowledge, conservation challenges and future directions

Amphibians have evolved under predictable light-dark cycles, with most species relying on darkness for foraging, reproduction, and predator avoidance. Introduction of artificial light at night (ALAN) is rapidly transforming nocturnal environments, creating novel ecological pressures. Despite amphibians being of global conservation concern, with over 40% of species currently threatened, they remain underrepresented in research on light pollution. In this review, we synthesise evidence from 34 studies examining the effects of ALAN on anurans and urodeles across various life stages, habitats, and experimental conditions. Findings indicate that ALAN can modify activity patterns, disrupt larval feeding and predator avoidance, impair reproductive signaling and success, and interfere with endocrine, metabolic, and oxidative physiological processes. Although these effects are highly context-dependent, varying by species, developmental stage, and light characteristics, they can have a profound negative impact on fitness-related traits. We highlight critical knowledge gaps, including limited data on spectral and intensity sensitivities, underlying physiological mechanisms, ecological interactions under natural conditions, and effects across diverse taxa and regions. Addressing these issues is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. Finally, we discuss existing mitigation approaches and the importance of incorporating ALAN into conservation planning to reduce the risk posed by light pollution. Recognising amphibians as sensitive bioindicators of nocturnal ecosystem health highlights their role in guiding broader conservation measures under increasing light pollution. • Amphibians, despite conservation need, are underrepresented in light pollution research. • Here in we synthesise evidence from 34 studies examining the effects of ALAN. • Artificial light at night modify amphibian behaviour, physiology and reproduction. • Effects are varying by species, developmental stage, and light characteristics. • Future research should expand mechanisms, species, regions, and mitigation strategies.