Zeshi Jiang, Wentao Wu, Tianxiang Chen, Wanshan Hu, Xinyu Zhang, Chunxian Zhou, Airu Lu, Yan Yan, Guilan Quan, Chuanbin Wu, Xin Pan, Jianfeng Cai, Chao Lü, Tingting Peng
, light, sound, electricity, magnet, and gas) permeation-enhancing strategies to overcome physiological barriers and boost drug bioavailability. Additionally, we examine the design of stimuli-responsive MNs for on-demand drug release in pathological microenvironments, ensuring precise therapeutic effects. Finally, we analyze the challenges and future prospects of MNs-based delivery systems, providing insights to guide their design and clinical application. This review aims to inspire the development of advanced "microneedle warriors" capable of circumventing multiple skin barriers for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.