Biocompatibility and immunomodulation of MXenes for targeted delivery of bioactive agents and drugs

MXenes, a burgeoning class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as promising candidates for biomedical applications owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties and versatile surface chemistry. This review comprehensively examines the biocompatibility and immunomodulatory behavior of MXenes, with a particular emphasis on their potential in drug delivery systems. We elucidate the critical aspects of MXene–protein interactions, including protein corona formation, cellular uptake pathways, and the influence of surface functionalization on biological interfaces. Special attention is given to the immunological profile of MXenes, exploring their immunogenic potential and immunomodulatory capabilities within therapeutic contexts. Furthermore, we assess the viability of MXenes as nanocarriers for drugs and bioactive compounds, analyzing a wide array of functionalization strategies and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms aimed at enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Despite their immense potential, challenges such as long-term stability, cytotoxicity, and clinical translatability persist. We conclude by outlining these limitations and proposing strategic avenues for future research. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers at the intersection of materials science and biomedicine, particularly those advancing next-generation, two-dimensional nanomaterial-based drug delivery platforms. • MXenes offer unique electrical and surface properties for biomedical applications. • Novel methods enable control of MXene composition and surface modifications. • Protein corona and cell uptake govern MXene biological behavior. • Stability and biodegradation are key challenges for clinical use.