A review of the mechanisms by which immune cells, cytokines, and gut microbiota regulate intestinal IgA synthesis

Intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the predominant antibody observed within the intestinal mucosal immune system. It is essential for preserving intestinal homeostasis, protecting against infections, and influencing the colonization of the microbiota. Mucosal vaccination stimulates the synthesis of intestinal IgA, rendering it an efficacious approach for the prevention and management of infections caused by intestinal pathogens. It is imperative to comprehend the processes and regulatory mechanisms implicated in the production of intestinal IgA in order to develop efficacious mucosal vaccines. This review methodically analyzed the mechanisms governing intestinal IgA synthesis and its modulation by immune cells, immunological factors, gut microbiota, and microbial metabolites. Simultaneously, we summarized vaccination adjuvants and delivery strategies that stimulate intestinal IgA synthesis. This information will serve as a foundation for the rational design and development of efficacious vaccines.