The progress and perspective of nanomedicine in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment

The widespread application of nanomedicine in oncology is reshaping cancer treatment paradigms. Using the precise targeting mechanisms and the rapid advancements in nanoscale materials, nanomedicine is driving progress in cancer therapy, particularly within the complex landscape of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM). This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies elucidating the critical role of nanomedicine in modulating the TIM, augmenting the efficacy of immunotherapies, and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Emphasis is placed on the significance of targeted drug delivery systems, innovative nanoscale vaccines, and strategies for reprogramming immunosuppressive cells. Furthermore, the review explores the clinical applicability and prospects of personalized nanomedicine, highlighting its increasingly prominent role in tailored cancer therapeutics.