Multi-objective optimisation-based approach for shipboard energy-efficient battery energy storage sizing leveraging operational data

Battery Energy Storage Systems ( BESS ) are increasingly recognised as a viable solution for fuel consumption reduction and resilience enhancement of Naval Ship Power Systems ( NSPS ). However, the effectiveness of battery systems is influenced by operational profiles, power system configuration, reliability requirements, battery sizing, and the Energy Management Strategy ( EMS ). This paper presents a multi-layered, multi-objective optimisation framework for BESS power and capacity configuration selection and sizing in NSPS , leveraging operational data and Dynamic Programming to evaluate design trade-offs. The method identifies Pareto-optimal configurations balancing fuel consumption, battery degradation, and system reliability. The framework is validated using onboard load measurements and evaluates BESS parameter sizing over a given design space in different scenarios, comparing benefits in fuel efficiency, BESS utilisation, and system reliability. Findings suggest that adopting a Minimum Generator Operation ( MGO ) strategy with a BESS may decrease generator operating hours by up to 33 %, while optimised load sharing yields up to a 2 % reduction in fuel consumption during manoeuvring. The study highlights Pareto-optimal solutions based on selected Performance Functions ( PF ) and introduces the concept of assisted multi-objective design of shipboard battery systems.