Wencheng Liu, H. Ma, Sai Ma, Ying Chen, Gaofeng Li
/df = 2.173, CFI = 0.964, RMSEA = 0.043), confirming its structural stability. In addition, convergent and discriminant validity were supported by Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), and the Fornell-Larcker criterion. At the same time, internal consistency was evidenced by robust Cronbach's α (0.881) and McDonald's ω (0.908) values for the overall scale. Multi-group CFA further established measurement invariance across gender (ΔCFI <0.01, ΔRMSEA <0.015). Overall, the scale provides a reliable and theoretically grounded instrument for assessing CTD in secondary education contexts, enabling educators to evaluate the CTD of high school students comprehensively.