Refining well-being at work: Integrating the WHO-5 with workplace well-being constructs for Indonesian organizational settings

This study aims to refine the WHO-5 Well-being Index for application in Indonesian organizational settings by integrating relevant workplace well-being constructs from established measures, including Ryff's Psychological Well-being, Pradhan & Hati's Employee Well-being, and Psychosomatic Complaints Scale. Items from these instruments were synthesized through an iterative refinement process to create a concise, culturally grounded tool for workplace contexts. The sample of 161 employees, met adequacy standards for PLS-SEM, exceeding the "10-times rule" (10 × 3 = 30, based on the largest number of structural paths pointing to a construct; Hair et al., 2021), ensuring model stability and statistical power. SMARTPLS analyses confirmed strong validity and reliability, with the final 17-item model showing good fit (SRMR = 0.074), indicating robust construct validity and reliability. This scale captures psychological, workplace, and psychosomatic dimensions of well-being for both employees and leaders. While grounded in the Indonesian cultural and organizational context, its insights are transferable to other collectivist or culturally similar environments, contributing to global discourse on culturally sensitive well-being measurement.