Comparative efficacy of nano-formulated toxic sugar baits (Nano-TSBs) combining Datura stramonium L.+ivermectin and Azadirachta indica A. Juss+boric acid against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) and their effects upon non-target Apis mellifera, Danaus chrysippus, and Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus: laboratory assessment.

Mosquito-borne diseases persist despite gains from long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) which highlights the need for behaviour-based adulticides that operate outdoors and between blood meals. We evaluated two nano-formulated toxic sugar baits (Nano-TSBs) comprising Datura stramonium L.+ivermectin and Azadirachta indica A. Juss+boric acid against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say under laboratory conditions. Nano-carriers were used for oral delivery of different baits at concentrations ranging from 0.25-1.0 g per 100 mL, with an operational focus at concentration of 1.0 g per 100 mL. The rapid functional knockdown at 30 (KD30), 60 (KD60), 90, (KD90), and 120 min (KD₁₂₀) was estimated and delayed mortality and oviposition (eggs per female) were determined at 48-96 h exposure period in mosquito species. A non-target screen quantified abnormal behavioural incidence (ABI) and post 48-h mortality (%) in Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Danaus chrysippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), and Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Both the nano-TSBs produced clear concentration dependent responses in the studied species. At the tested concentration of 1.0 g per 100 mL, D. stramonium+ivermectin delivered the fastest action (≈40% KD₁₂₀) and cumulative post 96-h mortality of ∼40-48% in all three tested mosquito species, while both D. stramonium+ivermectin and A. indica+boric acid formulations sharply depressed fecundity (∼73-84% reduction versus controls). Thus, the Nano-TSBs simultaneously reduced adult mosquito survival and curtailed population renewal. Non-target outcomes were also concentration dependent; D. stramonium+ivermectin blends elicited moderate effects, whereas A. indica+boric acid blends induced higher abnormal behavior and post 48-h mortality in all tested non-target insects, indicating the need for access-restrictive bait-station designs and careful dose discipline near pollinator/predator habitats. Nano-TSBs achieved rapid incapacitation, meaningful 4-day lethality, and profound fecundity suppression across three mosquito vector species at programmatically realistic doses. Modest increases above 1.0 g may further improve control but it necessitates further studies. Overall, these results position Nano-TSBs as effective part of integrated vector management (IVM) program.