Saranyadevi Subburaj, Selva Kumar Thirumalaisamy, Jisha Jacob, Princy Vijayababu
Chronic inflammation, gut microbial dysbiosis, and metabolic dysregulation are closely interrelated and play a significant role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a long-recognized global health problem. Akkermansia muciniphila has been identified as a predominant bacterial species that plays a crucial role in maintaining gut homeostasis. This mucin-degrading gram-negative bacterium stimulates mucus production and enhances the expression of tight junction proteins, thereby maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Moreover, it helps to prevent metabolic endotoxemia and systemic inflammation, which are the key factors contributing to the progression of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. This process plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Research has indicated that a higher level of A. muciniphila is associated with improved metabolic health, while a lack of it is linked to insulin resistance and obesity. Potential treatments for type 2 diabetes include probiotic therapy, polyphenol-rich diets, and prebiotic supplements that increase A. muciniphila levels. This review emphasizes the potential of A. muciniphila as a novel microbiome-directed strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases as well as its complex role in gut health. Targeted modulation of the gut microbiota may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by improving intestinal barrier function, lowering metabolic endotoxemia, and suppressing chronic inflammation.