The application of complex heterogeneous catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation

Converting CO 2 to high-value-added products through thermo-catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation has attracted much attention because of its great potential for large-scale applications. In recent years, complex heterogeneous catalysts, including dual-site catalysts and three-dimensional (3D) nanoreactors, have become a popular area of research. The unique structures of dual-site catalysts and 3D nanoreactors play a crucial role in enhancing the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. However, due to the complex structures of these catalysts, it is still challenging to achieve the precise synthesis and elaboration of reaction mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent development of dual-site catalysts and 3D nanoreactors, with a comprehensive discussion of the structure-properties relationships in particular. Finally, we conclude with a description of the challenges and outlook of this field.