Properties of foam concrete: a review

Foam concrete is an inexpensive, lightweight material that maximizes the use of fine aggregate in production. The current trend is to develop concrete that meets structural requirements while minimizing its environmental impact. This study examines the performance of foam concrete in terms of its components, production, and material qualities, which include drying shrinkage, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, stability, fire resistance, and pore structure. Given the significance of foam concrete in building and civil engineering construction, a state-of-the-practice review of foam concrete in underground and tunnel engineering is also included. It also highlights a few imperfections, the technical limitations, and the emerging direction for performance improvement of foam concrete. It is essential to examine the effect of the technical component, production processes, requirements, environment impact, and quality control on the overall performance of foam concrete. The current review shows that the long-term durability performance and functional properties must be thoroughly investigated. This study can clarify the challenges and concerns of professionals and users and further encourage the research and broader application of foam concrete in green and sustainable building construction practices and general engineering works.