Advanced nanocellulose interface engineering for Pickering emulsion stabilization

Abstract Pickering emulsions stabilized by solid particles offer superior alternatives to conventional surfactant-based systems, yet particle design remains challenging for practical applications. Here we review recent advances in nanocellulose interface engineering that overcome fundamental limitations of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). CNCs exploit crystallographic anisotropy to achieve interfacial anchoring despite unfavorable surface chemistry, while ionic cross-linking enhances stability through network formation. Chemical modifications including alkylamine grafting, polyamidoamine functionalization, and dual-chain architectures modulate amphiphilicity and interfacial energetics. Advanced membrane engineering incorporating metal-phenolic networks and metal–organic membranes addresses critical limitations including internal phase leakage and crystallization-induced destabilization. These interface engineering strategies establish nanocellulose as a transformative platform for sophisticated encapsulation technologies, enabling applications across pharmaceutical delivery, food preservation, and cosmetic formulations where conventional approaches fail.