K. Suhas, V.S. Reddy, T. Srinivasa Reddy, Yogeesha Pai
Abstract Nano particles have revolutionized material science by significantly enhancing the structural and functional properties of composites across various industrial applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the categorization of nanoparticles into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based types, exploring their unique physiochemical properties—mechanical, thermal, magnetic, catalytic, and optical—that differ markedly from their bulk counterparts. Particular focus is placed on the influence of these nanoparticles on composite materials, primarily in terms of mechanical characteristics, thermostability, and wear resistance. The integration of nanomaterials such as alumina, graphene oxide, tungsten carbide, carbon nanotubes, and silicon carbide into polymer and metal matrix composites is analyzed, highlighting improvements in tensile strength, flexural performance, and durability. Additionally, this paper underscores the critical role of nanoparticle dispersion and optimal loading levels in achieving desired enhancements while avoiding agglomeration. This review aims to serve as a foundational reference for future advancements in nanocomposite research and application.