M Bauckneht, Laura Evangelista, Luca Sofia, Marco Maccauro, Angelina Filice, Maria Luisa De Rimini, Orazio Caffo, Carlo Messina, Marco Maruzzo, Giada Pinterpe, Marco Krengli, Andrea Mari, Riccardo Schiavina, Sergio Bracarda, ROLANDO MARIA D’ANGELILLO, A. Lapini, Paolo Andrea Zucali, Giuseppe Fornarini, The PSMA PET Italian Survey Collaborators, Raffaela Abate, Domenico Albano, Andrea Alberti, Simona Allis, Filippo Alongi, Pierpaolo Alongi, Francesca Ambrosini, Luca Antonelli, Filippo Antonica, Gabriella Arena, Demetrio Aricò, Francesco Atzori, Marco Badalamenti, Cinzia Baiocco, Valentina Baldazzi, A. Baldoncini, Michelangelo Bambaci, Gian Franco Bardino, Lilia Bardoscia, Lucia Barsacchi, Domenico Barzaghi, Umberto BASSO, Antonino Battaglia, Glauco Bertello, Andrea Bianchi, Gabriele Bignante, Michele Boero, Monica Boitano, Amedeo Bonfiglio, Simona Borghesi, Paolo Borghetti, Eugenio Borsatti, Nicolò Borsellino, Roberto Bortolus, Valentina Borzillo, Isa Bossi Zanetti, Annalisa Bramati, Tommaso Brancato, Alessio Bruni, Michele Bruno, G Brusasco, Lorenza Bruschieri, Alberto Buffoli, Luca Burroni, Giovanni Busacca, Sebastiano Buti, Emanuela Cagna, Fabio Calabrò, Natale Daniele Calandruccio, Carmelo Caldarella, Oriana Calisto, Davide Campobasso, Giuseppe Candita, Domenico Cante, Tommaso Carfagno, Paolo Carlini, Paola Caroli, Lucio Carozzi, Giuseppe Carrieri, Salvatore Carrozza, Michele Caruso, Emanuele Casciani, Claudia Caserta, Angelo Castello, Alessandra Castelluccia, Calogero Casà, S. Cauda, Alessia Cavo, Francesco Ceci, Greta Celesti, Rita Cengarle, Linda Cerbone, Valentina Ceriani, Giuseppe Chiacchio, Francesco Chierigo, Angelo Andrea Chirillo, Stefano Ciccarelli, Cosimo Ciotta, Edoardo Cisero, Angelina Cistaro, Alessandra Cocchi
Abstract Background Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT has transformed prostate cancer (PCa) management by improving lesion detection and guiding treatment decisions across disease stages. Following the first paper of the Italian PSMA Survey focused on technical aspects and primary staging, this second analysis explores its clinical use in PSA persistence after radical prostatectomy, biochemical recurrence (BCR), hormone-sensitive metastatic (mHSPC), and castration-resistant metastatic (mCRPC) settings. Methods A national cross-sectional survey was conducted jointly by five Italian scientific societies involving nuclear medicine physicians, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and urologists (AIMN, AIOM, AIRO, SIU, SIUrO) and the Meet-URO cooperative group. Dedicated sections addressed the adoption, timing, and perceived clinical impact of PSMA PET/CT in PSA persistence after radical prostatectomy, BCR, mHSPC, and mCRPC. Responses were analysed descriptively and stratified by medical competences (clinicians versus nuclear medicine physicians). Results PSMA PET/CT emerged as the preferred imaging modality in all clinical scenarios. In PSA persistence and BCR, 87–95% of respondents selected PSMA PET as first-line imaging, most often performed at PSA levels of 0.2–0.5 ng/mL. When negative, more than two-thirds recommended repeating PSMA PET/CT after PSA further rise. In mHSPC, over 80% of clinicians applied the CHAARTED criteria directly to PSMA PET findings, while PSMA PET/CT was also widely used for restaging and therapy monitoring. In mCRPC, PSMA PET/CT was routinely used for baseline and follow-up imaging. Most clinicians considered the low-dose CT component sufficient for radioligand therapy (RLT) eligibility, while [ 18 F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET was reserved for selected high-risk or discordant cases. Conclusion PSMA PET/CT has become the central imaging modality in the management of advanced PCa in Italy. Its adoption has progressed faster than supporting evidence, underscoring the need for prospective validation, implementation of harmonised interpretation criteria, and unified national recommendations.