Strategies to target PD-1/PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment

In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has become one of the most important methods in cancer treatment, which can kill tumors by activating the immune system. The PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironment can impair T cell responses and thereby promote tumor immune escape. Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway can enhance the antitumor immune response and improve the therapeutic effect. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have shown antitumor effects in clinical practice and are revolutionizing the field of cancer management. Recent studies have shown that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in the tumor microenvironment is finely regulated, and inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 signal by targeting its regulatory mechanism can activate the antitumor immune response and reverse the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. New strategies and drugs designed and developed for the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade have brought new hope for better treatment of tumors. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.