Obstacles and improvement strategies for CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors

CAR-T cell therapy, which genetically modifies a patient’s T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), has shown remarkable efficacy in treating blood cancers. However, its application to solid tumors is hindered by challenges such as inadequate tumor infiltration, an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and metabolic obstacles. This review explores potential targets for CAR-T cells in solid tumors and examines innovative strategies to enhance their tumor penetration, survival, and cytotoxicity. These include advanced CAR designs, combination therapies, and methods to improve CAR-T cell function amidst metabolic competition. As research and technology progress, CAR-T therapy holds promise as a viable option for solid tumor treatment, with future efforts emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration to unlock its full potential.