Association between poor blood pressure control and intracranial haemorrhage-related mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulation: a retrospective observational cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving oral anticoagulation (OAC). We performed a retrospective exploratory analysis of the prevalence of poorly controlled hypertension, as evidenced by hypertensive vasculopathy on neuroimaging, among patients with AF on OAC who died after presenting with ICH at a large district general hospital in England. METHODS: Between December 2020 and April 2024, the death registry data of a large district general hospital in the South East of England, United Kingdom, were analysed to identify patients who were anticoagulated for AF and who had ICH as the primary cause of their death. The confirmatory neuroimaging data were interrogated to assess the likely underlying cause of bleeding. RESULTS: Of the 5,452 deaths within the study period, 46 patients on OAC for AF were included. The majority of patients (78.3%) had spontaneous ICH compared to traumatic ICH (11.7%). Most patients (84.8%) recorded hypertension (80% in the traumatic group, n = 8 vs. 86.1% in spontaneous ICH, n = 31). In those with spontaneous ICH, 28 (77.8%) demonstrated neuroradiological evidence of bleeding as a result of hypertensive vasculopathy. CONCLUSION: Hypertension is not only a major substrate of AF incidence but a cause of additional morbidity and mortality. Within our cohort, hypertensive vasculopathy was a significant underlying aetiology of spontaneous ICH-related mortality. Falls and trauma causing ICH in anticoagulated patients with AF may be overestimated. In line with the recently updated European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline, blood pressure should take priority in the management of AF to reduce major bleeding risk.