A hybrid Z-scheme heterojunction using GQD, g-C₃N₅, and NiCo LDH for Rhodamine B degradation under visible light irradiation.

OH and O₂•⁻. The strategic advancement in carbon nitride-based heterojunction engineering is represented by the logical combination of nitrogen-rich g-C₃N₅ with conductive GQDs and dual-metal NiCo-LDH. This work offers new insights into the design of multi-component Z-scheme photocatalysts for sustainable wastewater treatment applications, as well as a demonstration of a highly effective and metal-efficient photocatalytic system.