D. V. Titov, Patrick Martin, Colin Wilson, Olivier Witasse, Alejandro Cardesín‐Moinelo, H. Svedhem, Claire Parfitt, D. M. Paardekooper, Jorge L. Vago, E. Sefton‐Nash, Gerhard Kminek, A. F. Chicarro
Mars Express (MEX) is one of the most productive planetary missions of the European Space Agency (ESA). This low cost (∼150 M€) mission has been instrumental in shaping the planetary community in Europe and has contributed to paving the way for many subsequent ESA endeavours. During more than two decades, Mars Express has collected a wealth of data in all disciplines of Martian science. This paper concludes the Topical Collection “Mars Express: Pioneering Two Decades of European Science and Exploration of Mars” prepared under the auspices of the International Space Science Institute. It briefly describes various aspects of the mission (leaving details to dedicated articles), summarizes the major science achievements, discusses the lessons learned from 20 years of Mars Express operations, and bridges with future Mars science and exploration.