The NLRP3 inflammasome: a pivotal orchestrator of multisystem diseases—from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic innovation

The NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulatory component in the innate immune system, bridges pathogen recognition to chronic disease pathogenesis by modulating pyroptosis, inflammatory factor release, and metabolic homeostasis. Its central role in inflammatory cascades has positioned it as a prime therapeutic target. This review delineates the NLRP3 inflammasome's pathological contributions to multisystem disorders-spanning neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urological, endocrine, and rheumatological immune diseases-while systematically evaluating associated therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we consolidate the classical activation pathways of this molecular complex and discuss targeted inhibition approaches against both the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream effectors. Collectively, this work establishes a critical framework for understanding disease mechanisms and advancing translational interventions.