Women in interventional neuroradiology: a survey from the European society of neuroradiology (ESNR).

PURPOSE: Interventional neuroradiology remains a male-dominated specialty despite increasing gender parity in medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the professional experiences, workplace environment, and perceived barriers faced by women in interventional neuroradiology across Europe. The primary research question was whether gender disparities persist within the European context and how these findings compare with previously published data from the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) in North America. METHODS: The European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR) conducted a 44-item anonymous online survey between December 2024 and January 2025, adapted from the SIR questionnaire. The survey explored demographics, training experiences, mentorship, discrimination, leadership opportunities, parental leave, and burnout. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on responses from 77 female participants, and findings were compared with the 2018 SIR survey. RESULTS: More than half of respondents (56%) reported being discouraged from pursuing interventional neuroradiology. Harassment (36% during training; 32% in practice) and discrimination (46% during training; 49% in practice) were frequently reported, while formal reporting rates remained low (13%). Leadership gaps persisted, with 54% holding no leadership role despite over half expressing interest. Burnout was highly prevalent (81%). Comparative analysis demonstrated similar or greater disparities in Europe compared with North American data from the 2018 survey. CONCLUSIONS: Gender inequities in European interventional radiology remain substantial and mirror international trends. Structural reforms addressing mentorship, leadership access, workplace culture, salary transparency, and work-life integration are urgently needed to promote equity and professional sustainability.