Cristina Mosconi, Makoto Taninokuchi Tomassoni, Sara Zanella, Alexandro Paccapelo, Giovanni Marasco, Simone Gusmini, Francesca Ratti, Diego Palumbo, Sandro Sironi, Riccardo Muglia, Marco Mario Edgardo Fronda, Marco Calandri, Paolo Fonio, Paolo Marra, Andrea Doriguzzi Breatta, Alessandro Cucchetti, Francesco De Cobelli, M. Renzulli
PURPOSE: To compare transarterial embolization (TAE) and drug-eluting microspheres transarterial chemoembolization (DEM-TACE) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through a non-inferiority randomized clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with unresectable HCC were randomly assigned to either the TAE or DEM-TACE group. The primary endpoint was time to progression (TTP), and secondary endpoints included overall survival, hospitalization stay, tumor response rates, and severe adverse events (SAE). RESULTS: At the end of the trial, a total of 111 patients (56 TAE and 55 DEM-TACE) were enrolled between 2019 and 2022. The median TTP was similar between TAE and DEM-TACE (7.56 vs. 7.98 months, p = 0.432). In patients with confirmed disease progression, the mean TTP was 6.68 vs. 8.43 months for TAE and DEM-TACE, respectively, with a mean difference of 1.75 months (95% CI - 1.47-4.97), falling within the predefined equivalence range; two one side test (TOST) analysis confirmed equivalence (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022 for lower and upper bounds. Overall survival, tumor response rates, and adverse events were also not statistically different between groups (p > 0.05 for each outcome). Finally, Days of hospitalization were not statistically different (median 4 days for both arms, p = 0.638). CONCLUSION: TAE and DEM-TACE had comparable results in the treatment of early and intermediate stage unresectable HCC.