Cutaneous haptics enabling immersive interaction and precise robotic teleoperation

Cutaneous haptic interfaces are becoming a key technology for human–machine interaction, enabling a wide range of applications including immersive virtual experiences, robotic teleoperation, and sensory restoration in prosthetics. By delivering diverse tactile stimuli such as indentation, stretching, vibration, and temperature, these lightweight wearable devices enhance realism, embodiment, task accuracy, and interaction stability. Cutaneous haptic interfaces span multiple form factors, from skin-conformal soft patches to fingertip devices and full-hand wearable systems. Recent advances in spatiotemporal programmability and multimodal integration have enriched tactile rendering, allowing more precise control over where and when sensations are delivered. In addition, improved skin adaptability helps maintain natural interaction and support personalized feedback across users and tasks.