Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells with Printed Electrodes.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging photovoltaic technologies owing to their high efficiency, low-cost processing, and diverse applications ranging from utility-scale power generation to small-scale electronics. A key advantage of OSCs and PSCs over traditional silicon-based solar cells is their solution-processability, which enables fabrication via cost-effective scalable printing technologies suitable for commercialization. In addition to organic and perovskite photoactive layers, other functional layers, including interfacial layers and electron and hole transport layers, can also be processed using solution-based printing techniques. However, the conventional architecture of these emerging photovoltaics relies on vacuum-based deposition processes for both oxide-based electrodes (e.g., indium tin oxide and fluorine tin oxide) and metallic top electrodes (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu, and Al), which contrasts with printing-based processing. The implementation of printing technologies for electrode fabrication is necessary to achieve low-cost production and flexible photovoltaic applications. Herein, we review printed electrodes-including metal electrodes, conductive polymers, and carbon-based materials-used to fabricate OSCs and PSCs.