Toward Optimized Carbon Architectures for Enhanced Graphite||LFP Lithium‐Ion Batteries

ABSTRACT This study systematically investigates the influence of nano‐carbon dimensionality (0D, 1D, and 2D) on the electrochemical performance of synthesized LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathodes and graphite anodes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Despite the intrinsic safety and stability of LFP, its low electronic conductivity (∼10 − 9 S/cm) and sluggish Li + diffusion limit high‐rate performance. Various conductive additives, including Super P, Super C, acetylene black, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and graphene, were comparatively evaluated. Electrochemical results reveal that 0D nano‐carbons deliver superior performance by forming dense and uniform conductive networks. In Li||LFP half cells, SC achieved 161 mAh/g at 0.1C and 72 mAh/g at 5C (44.72% retention), while SP showed comparable high‐rate stability (43.51%) with a Li + diffusion coefficient up to 1.10 × 10 − 10 cm 2 /s. In contrast, 1D (CNFs) and 2D (graphene) additives exhibited significant capacity decay due to poor dispersion and incomplete conductive pathways. In graphite||LFP full cells, the SP‐based system delivered 49 mAh/g at 5C with 48.04% retention and ∼99.8% Coulombic efficiency over 100 cycles. These results highlight the critical role of carbon morphology in enabling high‐rate LFP‐based LIBs.