Are climate conditions or human activities the key to vegetation change? -- Partition identification and optimization management.

Climate change and human activities cause huge serious threats to natural ecosystem conditions. Investigating the dynamics and dominant factors of Net Primary Production (NPP) is crucial for zoning management and strengthening ecosystem protection. In view of this, an integrated framework is constructed for vegetation zoning management. Specifically, taking Yunnan, characterized by forest land and carbon pools in China even worldwide, as the study area, we investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of NPP, identify the contributions of climatic factors and human activities, and propose priority management zoning plan and optimization suggestions. The results show that: (1) The NPP showed a distinct southwest-to-northeast decreasing gradient, averaging 1024.73 gC/m2 during 2000 - 2023. This upward trend (2.34 gC/m2/yr) has been attributed to enhanced management practices, and concurrent variations in climatic conditions and land - use patterns. (2) Human activities exerted significantly stronger influence on NPP than climatic factors. NPP in managed terrestrial systems was predominantly driven by human activities, whereas NPP in unused land was primarily influenced by climatic factors. (3) Three dominant priority management zones - CoDIA (35.03%), HADIA (18.07%), and HADDA (16.81%) - collectively accounted for 69.91% of Yunnan's total area and were mainly distributed in cultivated land, woodland and grassland. Tailored approaches were developed for respective management zones. This study offers a scientific reference for targeted land use and vegetation zoning management, contributing to protecting ecological environment and coping with climate change.