Ganesh Kumar, Yash Shah, Ume Rooman, Ravi Patel, Shireen Asifa, Qais M Salah, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Arkadeep Dhali, Camelia Arsene, M. I. Ali
Gastroparesis is a sensorimotor condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying without any obvious mechanical obstruction. Common symptoms include early satiety, nausea, vomiting, belching, and bloating. The most frequent causes of gastroparesis are diabetes, idiopathic factors, and post-surgical complications. Currently, the only FDA-approved medication for treating gastroparesis is metoclopramide; however, due to its potential side effects, particularly extrapyramidal symptoms, there is increasing interest in safer, more tolerable alternatives, such as prokinetics, antiemetics, and fundic relaxants. Recent advancements in pharmacological agents have demonstrated variable efficacy in improving gastric emptying and gastroparesis-related symptoms, although symptom improvement does not consistently correlate with changes in gastric emptying metrics. In addition to pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacological approaches like gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) and neuromodulation techniques have demonstrated significant improvements in symptoms and gastric emptying. The current understanding of gastroparesis care is still limited, and the best practices in treatment remain uncertain. Future research should prioritize multicenter trials that involve large patient populations to explore emerging therapies and innovative techniques. In this review, we will discuss the existing standards of care, advancements in novel pharmacological, interventional, and neuromodulatory treatments for gastroparesis, as well as their clinical integration, limitations, and prospects.