Escin Attenuates Amyloid Beta 1‐42‐Induced Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Neuroinflammation in Neuron‐Like SH‐SY5Y Cells

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death, and neuroinflammation, contributing to neuronal dysfunction. In our study, a differentiation protocol using retinoic acid was applied to SH-SY5Y cells to generate a neuron-like phenotype, and the neuroprotective efficacy of Escin was investigated by inducing Aβ1-42-mediated cytotoxicity. The experimental protocol involved an initial treatment with 2 µM Escin prior to Aβ1-42 application. Cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and inflammatory mediator expression (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β) were assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry with DCFH-DA, flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/7-AAD staining, and RT-qPCR, respectively. In our results, Aβ1-42 exposure was found to significantly reduce cell viability and increase ROS production. Additionally, it was observed to enhance apoptotic cell death and increase pro-inflammatory gene expression. Escin pretreatment was found to significantly mitigate these effects by reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, galantamine (10 µM), an approved AD treatment agent, was used as a positive control to compare the effects of Escin and confirmed the experimental model by exhibiting protective effects. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that Escin is a promising neuroprotective agent and warrant further investigation into its potential to mitigate Aβ-related neuronal damage in AD.