Molecular Epidemiology of TGF-β1 Gene Variants and Their Relationship With Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Visiting Injibara Comprehensive Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder influenced by environmental and genetic factors. The TGF-β1 codon 10 T > C polymorphism has been investigated as a potential genetic factor for T2DM, but evidence from African populations, particularly Ethiopia, remains limited. This study aimed to assess the association between TGF-β1 codon 10 T > C polymorphism and T2DM among patients attending Injibara Comprehensive Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted among 230 participants (115 T2DM cases and 115 controls). Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and TGF-β1 codon 10 T > C polymorphism was genotyped using ARMS-PCR. Associations were assessed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The TC genotype was significantly associated with higher odds of T2DM compared with the TT genotype (AOR = 3.326, 95% CI: 1.009-10.969, p = 0.048). The C allele was also associated with higher odds of T2DM (AOR = 2.361, 95% CI: 1.231-4.528, p = 0.010). However, the CC genotype was not significantly associated with T2DM (p = 0.739). Overweight BMI, elevated blood pressure, and alcohol consumption were also significantly associated with T2DM. CONCLUSION: The TGF-β1 codon 10 TC genotype and C allele were associated with T2DM in this study, whereas the CC genotype was not significantly associated. These findings should be interpreted cautiously and require confirmation in larger studies.