Optimization of mechanical properties for bio‐filler embedded bio‐composites using hybrid optimization techniques

Abstract The valorization of eggshell waste as a sustainable biofiller offers a promising approach to improve the mechanical properties of biocomposites while addressing environmental concerns. In addition to reducing landfill accumulation, eggshell powder, which is high in calcium carbonate, also acts as a functional hybrid reinforcement in composites made of polymers. At the same time, cigarette butts are the most common litter in the world. They release dangerous pollutants, including hydrogen cyanide, acetaldehydes, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which linger in the environment and seriously endanger both aquatic and terrestrial life. Using duck eggshell powder (DEP) as a bio filler, the mechanical behavior of vinyl ester composites reinforced with silane‐treated palm fruit fibers (STP) and smoked cigarette filter fibers (CFF) is optimized in this study. Compression molding was used to create hybrid composites with different eggshell powder loadings (0%, 2%, and 4%). The Criteria Importance through Inter‐Criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method and the Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) methodology were used in an integrated multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) framework to identify the best formulation. With a tensile strength of 49.71 MPa, flexural strength of 37.88 MPa, and impact strength of 38.67 J/m, the CP9 composite (CFF 40 weight percent + STP 40 weight percent + eggshell powder 2 weight percent) outperformed the other manufactured samples in terms of mechanical qualities. The experimental findings and hybrid optimization analysis verify that eggshell‐incorporated bio‐composites, especially CP9, exhibit improved mechanical performance and have a great deal of promise for environmentally friendly, sustainable applications.