Orchestrating Microtubules: A Review of Kinase–Dependent Regulatory Mechanisms

Microtubules are subject to dynamic regulation through post-translational modifications, with phosphorylation serving as a key mechanism. The human kinome, comprising over 500 protein kinases, represents a comprehensive regulatory network. Some of these kinases precisely regulate microtubule dynamics and organization, both spatially and temporally, by modulating various microtubule-associated proteins or by directly binding to microtubules. This review, based on a systematic and kinome-wide perspective across multiple physiological systems, provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth analysis of the key kinase families that regulate microtubules, covering both direct and indirect mechanisms. The complex interactions between these kinases and microtubules are not only vital for normal cellular physiology but are often disrupted in various diseases, particularly cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. By synthesizing this knowledge, our work enhances the understanding of kinase-mediated microtubule regulation and lays a foundation for the future development of targeted therapeutic strategies.