Rabiya Sani, Noyel Victoria Selvam, Manivannan Ramachandran
Perovskite materials, typically organic lead halides, have been used as absorber materials for the manufacturing of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in recent years, resulting in higher PCE (photo-conversion efficiency). Organic lead halides are exceptional light absorbers owing to its impressive optoelectronic behavior, including higher absorption coefficients, and a sharp optical band gap. The primary roadblock to the commercialization of PS cells, despite their high efficiency, is their durability, and thermal degradation, greater sensitivity to moisture, and toxicity from the inclusion of hazardous components such as lead (Pb). In this review, the prevailing understanding of how PS cells might deteriorate when exposed to heat, oxygen, moisture, and light (UV)is examined, along with the methods researchers have used to increase PS cell durability, such as compositional tuning and encapsulation. Ion migration within the perovskite absorber layer and its interfaces is the primary cause of layered or interfacial instability in PS cells, reducing device stability and accelerating degradation. External factors such as temperature, light, and electric fields can induce intrinsic ion migration, leading to hysteresis and increased interface defect densities, which can impair device performance over time. The review examines ways for improving PSC performance, stability, and commercial feasibility.