Pushing Biomolecule Detection Limit With Graphene Field‐effect Transistor Biosensors

Abstract Ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers at trace levels is essential for early disease diagnoses, preventing further complications and treatment burdens. Advances in material science, micro/nano engineering, and biology have enabled a new generation of point‐of‐care biosensor devices that rival lab‐based diagnostics while remaining portable for wearable or even implantable applications. Graphene, a 2D semiconductor, has gained significant attention as a sensing material due to its large surface area and exceptional electronic properties. These features support the binding of bio‐recognition elements and enable signal transduction at the single‐molecule level. Among various sensing platforms, graphene‐based field‐effect transistors (GFETs) stand out for their label‐free, real‐time detection and simple readout, making them ideal for wearable diagnostics. GFET biosensors hold transformative potential for personalized healthcare by detecting a broad range of biomarkers at ultra‐low detection limits. This paper presents a concise overview of recent advancements in ultrasensitive GFET‐based biomolecule sensing, with a focus on key factors governing the sensitivity, strategies for producing high‐mobility graphene, device engineering, and emerging methods to push the limit of detection and specificity. Finally, emerging trends and future directions for GFETs in wearable diagnostic technologies is highlighted.