Current Innovations in Meat Fermentation with a View to Producing More Sustainable, Healthier and Safer Products.

Fermentation is a longstanding preservation process used in meat manufacture to improve product stability, safety and sensory quality. Renewed interest in fermented meats has stimulated research into reformulation and processing strategies intended to address concerns associated with salt, nitrate, nitrite, smoke-derived contaminants and animal fat while maintaining effective fermentation and product quality. This narrative review critically examines current innovations in fermented meat manufacture, including the replacement or reduction of conventional preservatives, smoking alternatives, fat reformulation, functional starter cultures, probiotics, prebiotics and bacteriocins. Developments in non-thermal and accelerated processing, edible and active packaging, intelligent monitoring systems and emerging culture-development technologies are also considered. Evidence indicates that selected functional cultures and formulation strategies can support preservative reduction, microbial control, curing, oxidative stability and sensory development, although their effectiveness is strain-, product- and process-dependent. Several processing and packaging technologies offer additional possibilities for improving manufacturing efficiency, shelf-life management and product safety, but their validation in fermented meat systems varies considerably. Potential environmental benefits, including reduced refrigeration, shorter processing or extended shelf life, cannot be assumed to confer lower overall environmental impacts and require comparative assessment of energy use, material inputs, food-waste effects and life-cycle performance. Future development should therefore prioritise product-specific validation, integrated hurdle-system assessment, regulatory compliance, consumer acceptance and comparative environmental evaluation.