Integrating Spectral Modulation Surface Materials With Self-Cleaning: From Fundamentals to Design Principles Toward Emerging Photovoltaic Devices.

The global energy transition is accelerating the deployment of photovoltaics (PV) as a major source of electricity. Insufficient interfacial regulation over optical and thermal processes still restricts power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term reliability. Reflection losses, ineffective spectral utilization, and inadequate heat dissipation limit power generation, while surface contamination undermines long-term outdoor reliability. Although advanced surface materials offer opportunities to mitigate these losses, integrating spectral modulation with self-cleaning remains challenging. This review presents recent progress in PV surface materials from the perspective of integrated spectral modulation and wettability control design. We first summarize the fundamental mechanisms that govern spectral modulation and contaminant removal, emphasizing the synergistic interaction between physical structure design and chemical composition regulation. We then discuss feasible strategies for modulating optical behaviors across different wavelength ranges, alongside approaches for self-cleaning through wettability control. Recent advances in partial-integration strategies are further examined, highlighting the potential impact on PCE enhancement and environmental adaptability. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges for achieving effective integration of spectral modulation and self-cleaning in surface materials. By positioning full-spectral modulation coupled with durable self-cleaning as a future design target, this review outlines an integrated framework for developing high-performance and durable PV surface materials.