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◆ Advanced Materials2026-04-19· Cathode

Plasma‐Tailored Bulk‐Interface‐Surface Trinity Engineering of Iron‐Based Mixed Phosphate Cathodes for Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries

Yue Wang, Xi Zhang, Tianqi Yang, Jiayuan Xiang, Haijun Yang, Long Wang, Tengfei Zhang, Shenghui Shen, Zhong Qiu, Guoxiang Pan, Yongqi Zhang, Yongqi Zhang, Fangfang Tu, Yuanyuan Jiang, Yuhong Zhang, Yuhong Zhang, Wei Gong, Yang Xia, Jun Zhang, W K Zhang, Bingbao Mei, Qi Liu, Xinhui Xia

原始摘要(英文原文)· Original abstract
ABSTRACT Iron‐based mixed phosphate Na 4 Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 (NFPP) is one of the most promising cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries due to its good rate capability and long lifespan, while its practical application is hindered by sluggish ionic/electronic kinetics and interfacial instability. Herein, we report a novel solid‐source ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F) plasma‐driven synergistic “Trinity” engineering strategy to realize simultaneous reconstruction of NFPP cathodes in bulk, interface, and surface architectures. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the coupling reactions between the NH 4 F plasma and NFPP lattice/surface trigger simultaneous bulk F‐substitution and F/N interface doping as well as surface reconstruction. Specifically, the bulk F − substitution strengthens Fe─O bonding and widens Na + channels. Concurrently, plasma‐generated radicals promote the formation of F/N co‐doped carbon network and NaF at the interface, while also promoting the development of a NaF‐rich cathode electrolyte interphase at the surface via modulating the NFPP/electrolyte status. This trinity engineering establishes fast transport pathways and a stable cathode electrolyte interface, effectively minimizing charge transfer impedance while suppressing deleterious side reactions. Consequently, the optimized cell exhibits high capacity and superior high‐rate cycling life with 95.5% retention after 6000 cycles at 30 C. The developed plasma‐driven approach offers mechanistic insights for the synergistic optimization of polyanionic cathodes for advanced sodium ion storage.
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Plasma‐Tailored Bulk‐Interface‐Surface Trinity Engineering of Iron‐Based Mixed Phosphate Cathodes for Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries — 科研速览 Science Skim