Potential Strategies for Bacterial Infection Control: Outer Membrane Vesicle Based Bacterial Vaccines

Bacterial infections are the second leading cause of death worldwide. In particular, the increase of bacterial resistance and the emergence of superbacteria have put forward urgent requirements for the prevention and treatment of infection. Bacterial vaccines are considered as an effective strategy to prevent infection. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale spherical membrane structures produced by bacteria, containing a variety of bioactive substances, such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, etc. Due to its inherent adjuvant properties and antigen delivery ability, it can enhance humoral and cellular immune response, thereby improving the deficiency of low immunogenicity of vaccines. Moreover, OMV surface can be engineered to carry and display a variety of antigens. These advantages make OMV an ideal platform for developing innovative vaccines. In this review, followed by description of the classification, advantages and disadvantages of existing bacterial vaccines, the principles and challenges of OMV-based bacterial vaccines are discussed, providing new ideas for the treatment of infectious diseases.