Efficient Ultrathin Flexible Large‐Area Organic Photovoltaic Modules on Conductive Embedded Nanowires Electrode

ABSTRACT Ultrathin organic photovoltaic (UT‐OPV) holds unique mechanical flexibility and can be integrated with irregular curved surfaces as power sources. The acquisition of high‐performance ultrathin flexible transparent electrodes is a critical challenge in fabricating large‐area UT‐OPV. In this work, we embedded silver nanowires (AgNWs) into an ultrathin (2 µm) crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol ( c PVA) matrix as the transparent electrode for ultrathin flexible OPV modules. The electrodes displayed excellent optoelectronic properties, mechanical flexibility, and surface smoothness. Moreover, the AgNWs embedded in thinner (2 µm) c PVA show improved surface conductance compared with thick (70 µm) c PVA. The ultrathin electrode showed efficient electron collection even without UV activation on the electron transport layer. UT‐OPV modules achieved an efficiency of 14.69% with an active area of 46.13 cm 2 . The module retained 92.1% of its initial efficiency after 1441 hours of illumination under a 100 mW/cm 2 LED light. Moreover, the ultrathin flexible modules showed good stability under 7‐day continuous outdoor operation. The module was attached to a toy vehicle as the power supply and enabled continuous running on rough ground under outdoor sun illumination.