Orthopedic Interventions in Cancer Care

The management of musculoskeletal tumors has undergone a paradigm shift over the last four decades, transitioning from radical amputations to sophisticated limb-salvage surgeries (LSS) that prioritize both oncologic safety and quality of life. Today, over 90% of extremity sarcomas are treated with LSS, facilitated by advancements in neoadjuvant chemotherapy, high-resolution radiological imaging, and innovative reconstructive techniques. This chapter explores the evolving landscape of personalized orthopedic oncology, emphasizing the integration of molecular diagnostics, genomic profiling, and advanced imaging—such as PET-CT and 3D volumetric modeling—to tailor surgical margins and systemic therapies to individual patient profiles. The authors review the epidemiology and classification of primary bone and soft-tissue tumors, including osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, while highlighting the foundational role of the Enneking staging system and the AJCC TNM classification. Central to this personalized approach is the multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT), which ensures a consensus-based strategy incorporating surgical oncology, radiation, and rehabilitation. Furthermore, the abstract discusses the impact of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, and 3D-printed custom endoprostheses, in optimizing functional outcomes. By synthesizing clinical principles with technological innovations, this work provides a comprehensive framework for modern orthopedic interventions, aiming to restore biomechanical function and enhance the psychosocial well-being of patients navigating complex musculoskeletal malignancies.