Cervidae, Moschidae, and Tragulidae

Deer (family Cervidae) and the phenotypically similar musk deer (family Moschidae) and chevrotains (family Tragulidae) are specialized ruminants that live in nearly every geographical region. The members of these families are found in zoos and wildlife parks throughout the world, most commonly cervids, with relatively few members of Tragulidae and Moschidae. Much of their anatomy and medicine resembles that of the domestic artiodactylid model, cattle; however, there are very specific anatomical differences and important medical considerations pertinent to diagnostic imaging of these families. Size variability and the flighty nature of these prey species are major considerations when planning image acquisition. The appendicular skeleton of these families is adapted for rapid ambulation, including short bursts of running and jumping. Pneumonia is a common indication for imaging of the thorax. Deer have a smooth kidney, similar to carnivores.